Our Gemara on Amud Aleph cites a verse which describes King Shaul’s encounter with a sacrifice-related sin committed by the people. The verse (I Shmuel 14:32–33) describes it as “eating on the blood,” which seems to be a reference to the Biblical prohibition (Vayikra 19:26): “Do not eat with blood.”

The prohibition is ambiguous and is actually used as a proof text for several unrelated prohibitions, except for the fact that in some way they are literally or metaphorically “eating on blood.” For example, it is a prohibition against eating before one prays, because it is as if one is eating while his “blood” (mortal fate) is hanging in abeyance. Or it is seen as a prohibition on judges from eating on the day that a person was put to death. Or it is a prohibition against partaking of sacrificial meat until after the blood is sprinkled on the altar (see Rambam, Sefer Hamitzvos, Sharashim 9:5).

However, the simple meaning of the verse is a prohibition against eating blood. What is the reason for this taboo? The Rambam (Moreh III:46) and Ramban (Vayikra ibid) both explain that ancient idolaters practiced rituals involving the animal’s life force in order to obtain contact with demons for soothsaying. In fact, this is what King Shaul’s army was attempting to do as part of their intelligence gathering during the war with the Philistines. This is why Shaul was aggrieved and exhorted them to offer a proper sacrifice and beseech God, not demons.

Though they agree about the prohibition, there is an important and subtle difference in the language of the Ramban and the Rambam. The Ramban describes it as a prohibited form of demonic or witchcraft ritual without characterizing it beyond being forbidden. However, the Rambam adds a broader comment:

“The Torah, which is perfect in the eyes of those who know it, and seeks to cure mankind of these lasting diseases, forbade the eating of blood, and emphasized the prohibition exactly in the same terms as it emphasizes idolatry.”

What does the Rambam mean by the Torah curing mankind of “lasting diseases”?

To understand this difference, let us look at another set of verses that prohibit divination (Devarim 18:10–18):

“Let no one be found among you who consigns a son or daughter to the fire, or who is an augur, a soothsayer, a diviner, a sorcerer, one who casts spells, or one who consults ghosts or familiar spirits, or one who inquires of the dead.

For anyone who does such things is abhorrent to Hashem, and it is on account of these abominations that Hashem your God dispossessed those nations from before you.

You shall be tamim with Hashem your God.

Those nations that you are about to dispossess do indeed resort to soothsayers and augurs; to you, however, your God has not assigned the like.

From among your own people, your God will raise up for you a prophet like myself; that is whom you shall heed.”

Taken as a whole, this passage instructs the Jewish people to refrain from using unauthorized channels to discern or influence the future. Instead, they are to rely on prophets, who are sanctioned by Hashem to communicate His will. The underlying idea seems to be that magical and formulaic methods do not constitute true connection with God. In contrast, seeking out a prophet offers more than just foresight—it provides moral and spiritual instruction.

What Does Tamim Mean?

The Torah commands us to be tamim with Hashem. How should we understand this term? The root of tamim is related to shalem (Tav and Shin often interchange), which can mean whole, unblemished, pure, or without guile. This range of meaning is reflected in several verses:

1. Shemos 12:5 — tamim, referring to an unblemished korban

1. Bereishis 6:9 — “Noach was a righteous man, tamim in his generations”

1. Bereishis 20:5 — indicating sincerity and lack of deceit on Elimelech’s part

1. Bereishis 25:27 — describing Yaakov as an ish tam, implying innocence or simplicity

Ramban, Seforno, and Rav Yosef Bechor Shor all understand the verse in Devarim similarly: Do not engage in extreme efforts to predict or control the future. Rather, trust in Hashem with emunah peshutah—simple, wholehearted faith. These authorities accept that certain magical practices may have been believed to work in the pre-scientific world, yet they are nonetheless forbidden.

The Rambam, however, takes a different stance. For him, not only are these practices idolatrous, they are also intellectually corrupt, leading to a loss of connection to Hashem. The Rambam sees intellectual development as encompassing both wisdom and character. This intellectual pursuit (wisdom and character development) facilitates attachment to God, since it represents humanity’s highest resonance with the Divine. But corrupt beliefs lead to corrupt behaviors, and ultimately to spiritual disconnection.

In Hilchos Avodas Kochavim (11:16), the Rambam writes:

“All the above matters are falsehood and lies, with which the original idolaters deceived the gentile nations in order to lead them astray… Whoever believes in such things and considers them to be true—just forbidden by the Torah—is foolish and feebleminded… For this reason, when the Torah warns against these false matters, it commands: ‘Be tamim with Hashem your God.’”

Here, tamim means intellectual and spiritual wholeness, not naïveté. The Torah is commanding refinement of belief so that one can properly relate to Hashem.

The Rambam did not view superstition as merely religiously problematic, but as socially destructive. In a remarkable teshuvah (Ma’amar Chozim Be-Kochavim), he asserts that the true reason the Beis HaMikdash was destroyed was that Jews began relying on astrology. This led them to neglect rational military planning in favor of baseless predictions.

The Rambam outlines three valid sources of belief:

Logical proof, Sensory perception And Reliable tradition from sacred texts or righteous sages

Anything beyond this is intellectually dangerous. According to the Rambam, the moral failures cited by Chazal as causes of the Churban were the final symptoms of a deeper collapse. Once intellectual clarity was abandoned, society imploded from within before it was conquered from without.

This message remains profoundly relevant today. Even if modern society is less overtly superstitious, we are still vulnerable to intellectually and morally undeveloped worldviews that obstruct genuine wisdom and true attachment to Hashem.

Translations Courtesy of Sefaria, except when, sometimes, I disagree with the translation

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Rabbi Simcha Feuerman, Rabbi Simcha Feuerman, LCSW-R, LMFT, DHL is a psychotherapist who works with high conflict couples and families. He can be reached via email at simchafeuerman@gmail.com